Meaning of Research 1
Objectives of Research 2
Motivation in Research 2
Types of Research 2
Research Approaches 5
Significance of Research 5
Research Methods versus Methodology 7
Research and Scientific Method 9
Importance of Knowing How Research is Done 10
Research Process 10
Criteria of Good Research 20
Problems Encountered by Researchers in India 21
2. Defining the Research Problem 24
What is a Research Problem? 24
Selecting the Problem 25
Necessity of Defining the Problem 26
Technique Involved in Defining a Problem 27
An Illustration 29
Conclusion 29
3. Research Design 31
Meaning of Research Design 31
Need for Research Design 32
Features of a Good Design 33
Important Concepts Relating to Research Design 33
Different Research Designs 35
Basic Principles of Experimental Designs 39
Conclusion 52
Appendix
Developing a Research Plan 53
4. Sampling Design 55
Census and Sample Survey 55
Implications of a Sample Design 55
Steps in Sampling Design 56
Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure 57
Characteristics of a Good Sample Design 58
Different Types of Sample Designs 58
How to Select a Random Sample? 60
Random Sample from an Infinite Universe 61
Complex Random Sampling Designs 62
Conclusion 67
5. Measurement and Scaling Techniques 69
Measurement in Research 69
Measurement Scales 71
Sources of Error in Measurement 72
Tests of Sound Measurement 73
Technique of Developing Measurement Tools 75
Scaling 76
Meaning of Scaling 76
Scale Classification Bases 77
Important Scaling Techniques 78
Scale Construction Techniques 82
6. Methods of Data Collection 95
Collection of Primary Data 95
Observation Method 96
Interview Method 97
Collection of Data through Questionnaires 100
Collection of Data through Schedules 104
Difference between Questionnaires and Schedules 104
Some Other Methods of Data Collection 106
Collection of Secondary Data 111
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