Full grammar Book best from basic to advance wren martin agha haseebullah khan

START WITH THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST COMPASSIONATE

AND MORE MERCIFUL.

 Model verbs

Used to talk about for all people and used first form of verb. Some

Should/Shouldn’t, model verbs “can/ could/ couldn’t, can’t, May/Might, Must.

 Can : Can is used to talk about those things or actions which you are

able to do in the present time or to talk about your present ability.

 It is used for permission, request & possibility.

Examples:-

I can ride the horse. (Ability).

I can stay with my brother when I will in Paris. (Opportunity) وهقوم

Can I go for games? (Request) تساوخرد اي صرع

Yes you can. ( Permission).

I can take the 1st position in the class (Possibility).8

Cannot

: Cannot is used to talk about those things in which you are not able to do any work in the present time.

It is used for impossibility.

Examples:

I cannot ride the horse

I cannot go to school.

:

 Could; Could is used for possibility and past ability.

Could is used to talk about those actions or things which you were able

to do in the past time or used to talk about your past abilities.

Examples:

 If i had more time, I could travel around the world.



 I could read newspapers.

 I could run fast.

 I could swim.



Could not

* Could not is used to talk about those actions which you were not able to

do in the past time or used to talk about your past disability.

 I could not go for shopping alone when I was in school.

 May/Might:

May is used to talk about the future possibilities. May is little surer than

might.

 I may go for shopping.

 I might go to Karachi.

 May used also for permission

 May I come in?9



 May I use your phone?

Must:



 Must is used to talk about that things that you strongly advise to do or

ability to do.

 You must wash your hands.

 You must work hard.



Mustn’t:

 Must not is used to talk about something that you are strongly

advised not to do.

 Used for that action you are not allowed to do.

 You mustn’t walk on road.

 You mustn’t cheat.

 You mustn’t leave him alone.

Should/Shouldn’t

 Used should/shouldn’t talk about the suggestion or giving advice.

 You should work hard.

 You should read books.

 You should follow rules.

 You shouldn’t tell a lie.

 You shouldn’t fight with them.

1) The Sentence and The Phrase:

 Phrase; A group of words having a sense but not a complete sense is

called phrase.

 On the table.

 In the box.10

 Sentence: A group of words having a complete sense is called

sentences.

 The book is on the table.

 The ball is in the box.

 The Kinds of Sentences: There are five types of sentences they

are given below.



Assertive Sentences : Sentences of this kind make statements or assertions.

ولمج هينايب.

 ناس نيقي اي وراو ڻوچ ناس ڪپ



Examples:

1. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. ( Affirmative ينيقي)

2. Death is not the end of life. ( Negative يراڪان اي يراڪنا)

3. She did go to school. ( Emphatic ويرڀ ديڪات)

If statement is positive (as in the first example) it is called an affirmative

sentence يينيقي but if a statement is not positive (as in the second

example) it is called Negative sentence راييڪنا. And if a statement is

forceful (as in the third example) it is called an Emphatic Sentence

ويرڀ ديڪات.

 Interrogative Sentences: اوييس Sentences of this kind is used for

ask questions.

Examples:

2) Did you post that letter yesterday?

3) How old are you?

 Imperative Sentences : ولمج رما

 مزلا رورض

 Sentences of this kind express commands مڪح or requests تساوخرد.

Examples:11

1) Bring me a cup of tea. (Command).

2) Lend me your camera please. (Request).

An Imperative sentences may also express some advices or make

prohibitions (،ڪور لهج).

Examples:

1) Respect your elders. (Advice).

2) Do not tell a lie. (Prohibition)

3) Do not cross a road. (Prohibition).

 Exclamatory Sentences:ويييلمج ييي ع ايييي روييي ريييپ Sentences of this kind

express strong feelings or emotions.

 Examples :

1) How foolish I have been!

2) Hurrah! We have won the match.

 Optative Sentence : ايئادن اي ڙدنڪ رهاظ شهاوخ

It expresses wishes or hope.

(1)May you live long life.

(2)May you will rich.

(3)May God bless you.

(4)Wish you a very happy married life.12

Parts of Speech

 The Noun: مسا

 Noun is the name of person, place, animal or things.

 Noun is the naming word.

 Any thing which exists in this world is noun.

Examples: Ahmed, Karachi, Table and Donkey

۔ هآ و ئچ مسا ک ان ج روناج اي وهڻام ،اڳج ، ئ ب نهنڪ

۔هريغو هڏگ ۽ ،زيم ، چارڪ ،دمحا :لاثم

3) Noun مسا

The Noun:

 Noun is the name of person, place, animal or things.

 Noun is a naming word.

 The name of any thing which is present in this world is noun.

۔ هآ و ئچ مسا ک ان ج روناج اي وهڻام ،اڳج ، ئ ب نهنڪ *

۔هريغو هڏگ ۽ ،زيم ، چارڪ ،دمحا :لاثم

. هآ و ئچ مسا ک ان ج ئ ره دوجوم ۾ ايند

 Kinds of Noun.

 There are five main types of nouns but they further divided into groups.

There are twelve types of noun. They are given below:

 Common Noun. ماع مسا

 Proper Noun. صاخ مسا

 Collective Noun. عمج مسا13

 Material Noun سنج مسا

 Abstract Noun. تاذ مسا

 Countable Noun. رام مسا

 Uncountable Noun. رامشيب مسا

 Regular Noun.

 Irregular Noun

 Possessive Noun

 Predicate Noun

 Concrete noun سوٺ مسا

 Compound Noun بڪرم مسا

1. The Proper Noun: صاخ مسا

Proper noun is name of some particular person place or things. It always

followed by capital letter, either beginning of the sentences or middle

of the sentences.

Examples: The God, the Holy Quran, The Muhammad Ali Jinnah, The

Lahore, The Jawad, the Lion etcetera.

ii) The Common Noun : ماع مسا

It is the name of every common person, place, animal or things.

Examples:

Man, City, Book, Men, Cities, Books.

 Man is common noun.

 Jawad is proper noun.

 City is common noun.

 Karachi is proper noun.

 Animal is common noun.

 Lion is capital noun.

 It begins with the capital letter when it is placed at the very beginning

of a sentence or a line of poetry.

 Cows give milk.

 Birds fly in the air.

 Water, water, everywhere and not a drop to drink.14

iii)The Collective Noun: عمج مسا

It denotes a group of persons or things.

Examples: Army, committee, crowd, flock, class, team etc.

 As a “subject “it generally takes a singular verb.

 The jury consists of twelve persons.

 But when it denotes the individual members of the group, it takes a

plural verb.

 The jury were divided in their opinion.

 It begins with a capital letter only when it is placed at the very

beginning of the sentence.

 Pakistan Army is the best army (Taken Singular).

 There are many armies in this world (Taken plural).

 Collective noun is always followed by singular verb.

 A fleet of car is parked.

 Groups:

 Choir (Kua-Yar) is group of Singer.

 Swarm is group of singers.

 Herd is group of Sheep.

 Fleet is group of ships.

 Flock is group of birds.

 Pack is group of wolves (ڙهگب).

 Colony is group of ants.

 Hive is group of bees.

 Murder is group of crows.

 Litter is group of Puppies.

 Pride is group of lions.

 Streak is group of tigers.

 Coalition is group of cheetahs.15

 Claw is group of black panthers, generally they are not found in the

found together.

 Leap is a group of leopards.

 Herd )رلو ،ڻڌ( is group of cattle (لام وياپوچ).

 Bask is group of crocodile at land.

 Float is group of crocodile in water.

 Drove (Drowv) or pace is group of donkeys.

 Kennel, mute, pack is group of dogs.

 Kindle (Kin-dol) is group of kittens (وڙگنوپ وج ءيلٻ).

 Dazzle, herd, zeal is group of zebras.

 Smack is group of jelly fish.

 Consortium is a group of octopus.

 Embarrassment is a group of pandas.

 Bloat is a group of hippopotamuses.

 Mischief is a group of mice.

 Dropping is a group of ducks.

 Waddle is a group of penguins.

 Memory, herd is a group of elephant.

 Flamboyance is a group of flamingos.

 Bouquet is a group of hummingbirds.

 Whoop is a group of gorillas.

 Concerto, orchestra is a group of crickets.

 Intrusion is a group of cockroaches.

 Clutter or cluster is a group of spiders.

 Roll is a group of armadillos.

 Bed, nest is a group of scorpions.

 Parliament is a group of owls.

 Journey is a group of Giraffe.

 Cackle is a group of Hyenas.

 Walk is a group of snails.

 Stubbornness or Crash is a group of Rhinoceroses.

iV) The Material Noun: سنج مسا

 It is name of matter or substance of which anything is made.16

 A noun from which the other things are formed is called material

noun.

Examples: Gold, silver, iron, steel, cotton milk, rice.

 It begins with a capital letter only when it placed at the very

beginning of the sentence.

(v) The Abstract Noun: تاذ مسا

 It is the name of some quality, state or action.

Quality: honesty, truth, bravery, kindness, wisdom.

State: childhood, death, sickness, slavery, health.

Action: laughter, judgement, theft, hatred.

 It begins with a capital letter only when it placed at the very

beginning of a sentence.

Meaning

Long

Length

Abstract Noun

Young

Youth

Adjective

Decent

،وووووووووووووبمنل ،وووووووووووووهگڊ

،ليوط

،يئاوووبنل ،هوووگيڊ

يزارد

Cruel

Cruelty

ناوج

يناوج

Bitter

Strong

True

Truth

، يڪووووووسم ،بوووووويرغ

ميلح ،وڻامن

،يئاوووووووووووووووووووڻامن

، ڙووووووووووووووئن

يئاٺيه

Humble

Humility

وراو اووووووويح ، ووووووووڱچ

قيلووووس ،وتووووسئاش

دنم

، اجرم

يوووب ،يدرد يوووب

يمحر

Decency

ملاظ ،درد يب

وڙؤڪ ،خلت

طوبضم

،ڻاڙؤووووووووووووووووڪ

، وادع

، هگووس ،تووقاط

روز

Bitterness

راچس ،وچس

Strength

،يئاچووووووووووووووووووووس17

يرادناميا

Short

Prudent

ٽهگ اي وڍنن

،يئاووووووووووووووووووتٽهگ

يئاڻپنن

Dark

Shortness

Darkness

اووووي رايووووشوه ، وووووهاڏ

وڻايس

Deep

اووووووووووي ووووووووووهاڏ

ڻايس

Depth

Prudence

Wide

وراڪ ،وريڌنَا

Wise

، ئاريڌووووووووووووووونا

ئاراڪ

Vacant

،يئاووووووووووووووووووهنوا

يئارهگ

ونوا اي ريڀنگ ،ورهگ

Sweet

Sweetness

،وڙوووووووووووچ ، يووووووووووسو

،وداوووووووووووووووووووووووشڪ

ورڪيو

،يئاڙووووووووووووووووووچ

ڻارڪيو

Human

دنملقع

Width

يدنملقع

Broad

Free

ڪيٺ ،وڱچ

يلاخ

Wisdom

يبوخ ،يئاڱچ

Brave

Bravely

Good

Goodness

Novel

Quick

ساٺم

Vacancy

،ءاوووووووج يلاوووووووخ

يلاوووووووووووووووووخ

اوووووي ودوووووهع

يرڪون

High

Poor

ناسنا

يريش ،وٺم

تيناسنا

دازآ

ئارڪيو

يدازآ

ورڪيو ليلهڦ

Humanity

رورغم

Broadness

ناسرورغم

،ناس َ ءيزيت

Freedom

،يروووووووووووووووووووووويلد

يرداهب

Proud

تمه ،رداهب ،ريلد

،دوووووووووووويدج ،نوووووووووووووئن

،وناوووسفا ،بووويجع

وصق

Proudly

هلاڳ يئن

بيرغ

وڙڪت ،وکت ،زيت

Novelty

وڏو ،يٿم

Quickly

يدنلب ،يئاچوا

،يووووووووووووووووووووبيرغ

،ينيڪووووسم

Highness

Poverty 18

يتسدگنت

Just

Justice

Vain

Vanity

وراو فاصنا

فاصنا

Sane

Sanity

Ignorant

Ignorance

يلاخ ،راڪيب

وڙوڪ ،لطاب

Verb

Meaning

رادهجمس

يرادهجمس

Laugh

Laughter

لهاج

Obey

Obedience

،تووووووووووووووولاهاهج

يملعلا

Live

Life

Abstract Noun

لک

Expect

ڻلک

Excel

Excellence

Know

ڻڃم

Steal

Stealth

Believe

Belief

ڻئيج

Serve

Service

گدنز

رادربامرف ،بدا

Hate

Hatred

ديما

Please

Pleasure

Act

Action

ڻرڪ ديما

ڻاڄ

Starve

Starvation

ڻڻاڄ

occupy

occupation

تزييع ،ڻرييڪ تق ييس

ڻرڪ لصاه

Choose

Expectation

Choice

تليضف ، بوخ

روچ

Move

Movement

Conceal

Concealment

نيقي

ڻرڪ روچ

Seize

Seizure

تمدخ

Knowledge

ڻرڪ نيقي

وخ

ترفن

ڻرڪ تمدخ

ڻرڪ ترفن

ويييخ ايييي ، نايييبرهم

ڻرڪ19

Flatter

Flattery

Depart

Departure

Defend

Defence

Thing

Thought

Protect

Protection

Preserver

Perseverance

Advise

Advice

Punish

Punishment

Die

Death

Succeed

Success

Free

Freedom

See

Sight

Judge

Pursue

Pursuit

Relieve

Relief

Converse

Discover

Discovery

Common

Noun

Meaning

King

Kinghood

Thief

Theft

Woman

Womanhood

Bankrupt

Bankruptcy

Infant

Infancy

Owner

Ownership

Judgment

Rogue

Roguery

Regent

Regency

Abstract Noun

Conversation 20

Author

Authorship

Mother

Motherhood

Agent

Agency

Hero

Heroism

Beggar

Beggary

Coward

Cowardice

Priest

Boy

Boyhood

Bond

Bondage

Pirate

Piracy

Pilgrim

Pilgrimage

Friend

Friendship

Captain

Captaincy

Rascal

Rascality

Patriot

Patriotism

Glutton

Gluttony

(vi) Countable Noun:

The things which can we count is called countable nouns.

Examples: Car, Boy, girl, lion etc.

(Vii)Uncountable Noun:

The things which can we can not count is called uncountable nouns.

 Examples: Rice, hair, milk, flour, salt, sugar, meat, honey, tea,

cheese, advice, rain, silent, gold, confidence, cotton, fuel, smoke,

help, ethics, economics, physics, fear, are uncountable nouns.21

 Rules of Uncountable Nouns:

 Uncountable nouns are the names of material, liquids, and abstract

qualities. It includes such things; as; water, meat, cheese, and so on.

 Uncountable nouns have no plurals.

 You cannot use “A, An, or one” before an uncountable nouns, but we

can use: “ Some, Much, Little, a lot of, lots of, pleanty of, all any,

enough, no, the, this, that, my, our, a large amount of, a good deal of,

before uncountable nouns.

Uncountable nouns do not have plural forms.

 Where can we put all the furnitures (Incorrect).

 Where can we put all the furniture (correct).

Do not use “A, An, another, these, many, two and so on.

 She needs an information (Incorrect).

 She needs some information (Correct).

 Would you like another bread (Incorrect).

 Would you like some more bread? (correct)

(Viii)Regular Noun: The noun whose plural form is formed by adding

“s” and “es” is called regular noun.

(ix)Irregular Noun: The noun whose plural form is form by changing

their form is called irregular.

Examples: Men, women, mice, children, geese etc.

(‘

use

Noun:

(x)Possessive

When

the

apostrophe

) with nouns are called possessive noun.

Apostrophe ناس مسا هڏج رپ يهآ ن مسق وڪ وج نوئان وزيزپ ۾ تقيقح ‘ لامعتسا يناشن ايها

.يهآ يدنڪ رهاظ تيڪلم يج مسا نا ت يهآ يدنيٿ

.يهآ وبئچ تفاضا اي فذح تملاع ۾ يڌنس يک يڦورٽسوپيا

Examples: Ahmed’s car (يڏاگ يج دمحا), farhan’s cap, Sofia’s purse.22

(Xi) Predicate Noun: The name or noun which denotes the status of

about other noun is called predicate.

Examples: He is the father of Abdullah.

He is the principal of school.

 (xii) Concrete Noun: سوٺ مسا

 A concrete noun is something you can see, touch, taste, hear, or smell.

 Examples: Salt, Music, Voice, Car, Smell, Love, Hate, Hate.

 (xiii) Compound Noun بڪرم مسا

 Compound nouns are formed from two or more words.

 Examples: Football, sunset, Father-in- Law, Washing Machine,

Toothpaste.

 Three Types of Compound Noun:

 Closed Compound

 Hyphenated Compound noun

and

Noun:

 Open Compound Noun

Closed Compound

Grandfather.

Toothpaste, Football, Sunset,

Hyphenated Compound Noun: Father-in-law, Eighty-six, X-ray.

Open compound Noun: Dinning Room, Ice Cream, Tool box,

Swimming pool.23

Singular

Plural

 Number

Number shows the quantity of nouns, either singular or plural.

4.1) The Singular Number: A noun that denotes (ڻروووڪ رهاوووظ) one

person, place or thing is said to be singular number.

Examples: man, cat, wolf, knife foot, child, mango.

4.2) The Plural Number: A noun denotes more than one person,

place or thing is said to be plural.

Examples: men, cats, wolves, knives feet, children and mangoes.

4.3) The formation of Plural Number: The Plural of Noun is formed

in many different ways.

(a)By adding “s" to the Singular

Arm

Arms

Bat

Bats

Cap

Caps

Dog

Dogs

Friend

Friends

Girl

Girls

King

Kings

Ticket

Tickets

Poet

Poets24

Singular

Meaning

Plural

Ass

Asses

(b)By adding “es" to the Singular if it ends in “s," “ch," “sh" or “x"

Bench

Benches

هڏگ

Box

Boxes

Brush

Brushes

Class

تعامج يج جج

Classes

Dish

Dishes

Tax

وٻد ,قودنص

Taxes

Watch

Watches

ڻيڏ يراهٻ

Singular

Meaning

Plural

،ووووووجرد ،توووووعامج

وبتر

Buffalo

Buffaloes

Echo

Echoes

يبيڪر ، وڌاک

Hero

Heroes

،لوصحم

ڙهگ

Mango

Mangoes

Negro

Negroes

Potato

Potatoes

نهنيم

بنا

لقن ۔وڏاڙپ

۔ومروييييس ۔ناوييييلهپ

رداهب

وٽاٽپ

(d)There are some nouns which ending in “o" are formed plural by

adding only “s"

ش ه ۔ دي 25

Singular

Meaning

Plural

Canto

Cantos

Dynamo

Dynamos

Piano

وييييج مييييون ۔ظرييييصم

وڱاڀ

Pianos

Quarto

Quartos

ڙدنڪ اديپ لچلح

وجاب

Singular

Meaning

Plural

Calico

Calicoes or

Calicos

وراو نفيييييص نئيييييچ

ذغاڪ

Portico

Porticos or

Porticoes

Mosquito

(e) These nouns also ending with “O" and to form a plural by adding

both “s" & “es".

Singular

Meaning

Mosquitos or

Mosquitoe

Plural

Bamboo

Bamboos

Cameo

Cameos

ايييييي ليييييياي ٽويييييس

وڙاڪ ليري

Cuckoo

Cuckoos

رڇم

Curio

Curios

Portfolio

ڍيڏ ناس نڀنٿ

Portfolios

Seraglios

(f) By adding “ s" to the Singular ending in “oo", “io" , “en" or “yo"

يييج سنايييب ،سنايييب

ٺاڪ

ترطف

کپ لئوڪ

Seraglio (se-

raw-lio)

حارييس لييحم

،مرييح ،

وناخ ونانز

،وديييهع ويييج رييييزو

،نادزيييييييييييييييييييييج

وٺاپ ، تسد26

Word

Seraglio (The women apartment for Turkish or Ottomans empire)

living quarters reserved for wives and concubines ( ليييراهيو ،تيرييس ،راييي

)تروع() and female relatives in a Muslim household

Singular

Plural

Army

Armies

(g)Those singular nouns which ending with” Y”, remove their “Y”

and put” ies” to form plural.

City

Cities

Duty

Duties

Fly

Flies

Lady

Ladies

Story

Stories

Singular

Meaning

Plural

Boy

Boys

Day

Days

Donkey

Donkeys

Key

Keys

Monkey

Monkeys

(h)But those words which ending with “Y" and their second last word

is vowel put “s" in their ends to form a plural.

Toy

Toys

هڏگ

ايييييييييييييي رڪويييييييييييييي

ورڪوي

نهنيڏ

ٻاچ

وڙ وڀ

وڪيدنار27

Singular

Meaning

Plural

Calf

(i) By changing the last letters “f”, & “fe", into “ve" to form Plurals.

Calves

Half

Halves

Knife

Knives

،وباييييگ ، باييييگ ،ڇو

وڏاپ ،وڙيو

Life

Lives

Thief

Thieves

مين اي ڌا

ري

Wife

Wives

گدنز

Singular

Meaning

Plural

روچ

Chief

Chiefs

لاز

Dwarf

Dwarfs

Grief

Griefs

Gulf

Gulfs

Hoof

Hoofs

(j) There are some words which ending with “f" & “fe" but add only

“s” to form a plural.

Proof

Proofs

Roof

Roofs

Safe

Safes

Strife

ردص ،لوا ،وڏو

ورديييينب ،وڙماڄ،وايييينيڊ

ونوب ،

Strifes, Strives

،ناييييييمرا ، يييييينر ،مييييييغ

سوسفا

وڏک ،لاک ،ران

بنس ،رک

لي د ،تو ث

بارحم ،تي

نايييک ريييطخ ،خويييفحم

رهاٻ

،وڙيييييييييڳهج ،وڙيييييييييهج

نم د28

Singular

Meaning

Plural

Brother

(k)By a change of the inside vowel by adding “en" or “ne".

Brethren

Child

Children

Cow

Kine

رئاڀ ،وئاڀ

Dormouse

Dormice

وچٻ ،راٻ

Foot

Feet

،نوئڳ ، ڳڍ

Goose

Geese

Louse

Foot-man

Lice

Foot-men

Man

Men

مزلام ،ودايپ

Mouse

Mice

،سنه

Oxen

نهنرايييٻ ،مديييق ،رييييپ

يييييييييج نيييييييييچنا

ربارب

Tooth

Teeth

حنوج

Woman

Women

Singular

Plural

Man-of-war

درم ،نوهڻام

Brothers in

law

Men-of-war

وئوڪ

وڳڍ

زاهج گنج

Commanders

in chief

Brother in

law

Court martial

دنڏ

Washer-man

Washer-men

ٻوڌ

ئام ،تروع

Courts

martial

Coat of mail

Coats of mail

(L) Change in plural by adding “s" in compound words.

Commander

in chief

Father in law

Fathers in law29

Forget me

nots

Forget me not

Handful

Governor

General

Handfuls

Governors

General

Governor

Generals

Hanger on

Hangers on

Mothers in

law

Looker on

Lookers on

Maid servant

Maid servants

Step

daughters

Mother in law

Passer by

Passers by

Poets laureate

Poet laureates

Poet laureate

Singular

Plural

Knight errant

Knights

errands

Step daughter

Son in law

Sons in law

Step mother

Step mothers

Step son

Step sons

Lord justice

Lords justices

M) But the following Compound Nouns take a double plural.30

Man Servant

Men Servants

Woman

servant

Women

Servants

Singular

Plural

Messrs

N) Singulars and Plurals of Miscellaneous Words & Letters. There are

some words, the Plurals of which do not conform to any rule. They

are given below:

Mr.

The Mr.

Johns or

The

Messrs

John

Misses Peter,

Miss

Peters or

Misses

Peters

Mesdames

Mr. John

Master

Wilson

Miss Peter

The Mrs.

Browns

Mrs.

The Master

Wilsons

Mrs. Brown

T's

B.A

4’s

B.A's

> Following nouns are uncountable and uncountable nouns don’t

have plural form:

* Music, Art, Love, happiness, rice, sugar, butter, water, electricity,

money, currency.31

O) The following Nouns are used in a plural number.

(i) Swine ( نورم ،رئوس ( .

(ii) Sheep (و ند ،ڍر ، رڪٻ).

(iii) Salmon ( ڇم ج مسق ڪه).

(iv) Aircraft (.)زاهج ئاوه

Cattle: His cattle are grazing in the field.

People: People were going home. (Use “People” as a plural for same

group).

Swine: These swine belong to Christian lady.

Aircraft: There are many aircraft in the sky. There is an aircraft in the

sky.

Note: Singular of people is person. We can use peoples for different

groups.

 The peoples of the Hindus and Muslims have different beliefs.

P) The following Nouns are the Singulars and the Plurals alike

 Brace (of birds), deer, dozen, fish, gross, hundred, news, pair, pair,

pair, paisa, yoke (of oxen).

 But note the following:

 Two dozen eggs or Dozens of eggs were rotten.

 Four hundred boys or hundreds of boys came here.

 A ten rupee note is not wanted.

 A five paisa piece. A twelve pound weight is enough.32

Q) The following nouns are always used in plural:

Note: This is an old rule of grammar now these are followed by

singular verb (is, was).

* Alms. تاريخ Alms are gift for poor.

* Alms are collected at Mosque.

* Measles (اتام يڍنن) يهآ يدنيٿ يک نراٻ اڪيج يراميب يڙرا

Measles are dangerous for health.

* Proceeds (تپا اي راواديپ ، ندمآ)

Proceeds are main reason for development of schools.

* Thanks ( نابرهم) Thanks are not enough (ودنله ن مڪ ناس ينابرهم)

* Annals (ضاحتا ،خيرات)

His annals are historical records. (.يهآ ڊاڪير يخيرات ڪه صاحتا وج ه)

* Breeches (Short trousers above the knee ڻٿس ،راولس

* Riches: ظاتم لام ،نڌ

* Tidings. تراشب ،ڌس ،ر خ ،حلاطا

* Assets.وثاثا ڙوم

* Draughts.

وڪاخ ،وشقن ،وٽوهجوج اوه ،ڪڍ ،)ٽهو( وهو

* Nuptials. حاڪن ، دا

* Scissors. چنيق

* Tongs. وٽمچ He held a tongs into the fire.

* Bellows. ڻ نوگ ،ڻمڌ ، ڻؤڌ ، ڻونڌ

* Drawers. زارد

* Pincers. ٽمچ ،وڻڪچن ، رو نا

* Spectacles. ڪنيع ،ومشچ

 Trousers ?. نولتپ ،ڻٿس ،راولس ،وماجاپ

 Shorts.33

 Pyjamas.

 Pantaloons.

 Pants

 The Following nouns are always used in the Singulars :

 Innings.

 This innings is our last innings (For one).

 These innings make us our day (For more).

 Last three innings were best.

 Mathematics. I like mathematics. Or my favourite subject is

mathematics.

 Mechanics.

 Physics.

 Politics.

 Civics.

 Ethics.

 Metaphysics.

 Acoustics.

 Optics.

 Statistics.

 Aesthetics.

 Algiers (Capital of Algeria).

 Rickets (Bone disease).

 Summons (بلط) bur as a verb it is used without s.

 Magnetics.

 Athens (Capital of Greece).

 Molasses. Plural of molasses is molasses.(ڙڳ(

 * Billiards is my favourite game.

 Mumps is a disease. وهڙارڳ ،وهلم اي ولم ،ضرم وج لگ

 Gender

 Billiards (game)

۔يهآ ودنيو

وتا ووس ناووس يلاوون يووج رڪونووس يووک هنووج دوونار يراو ڻڏوويک ناووس ڻووڪل34



 Gender shows the difference of sex ( نووج). There are four kinds of sex

in the grammar.

 The Masculine Gender.

 The Feminine Gender.

 The Common Gender.

 The Neutral Gender.

 The Masculine Gender: The noun which shows or denotes the male

animal is called Masculine.

 Examples: Man, Boy, King, Ahmed, Alamgeer.

 The Feminine Gender : A noun which denotes or shows female

animal is called feminine gender.

 Examples: Women, Girl, Queen, Sobia, Noor Jahan.

 Neutral Gender: A word which denotes lifeless things is called

Neutral Gender.

 Examples: Sun, moon, book, pen, table, cup and mango etc.

Masculin

Meanin

Common Gender:

A word which denotes both masculine and

S.N

feminine is called common gender. Or

 Examples: Student, Baby, Friend, pupils, Parents etc.

 Some Feminine are formed By adding “ess" ; as

Feminine 35

Baron

Baroness

، نييييييييييصم

باييييتڪ

ڙدنک

Author

Count

Authoress

Giant

،باوييييييييييييييين

،رييييييييما

اييييينلگنا

ييييييييييييج

ريييييييييييما

ويييييييييييييج

بق

Heir

Heiress

ريما

Host

Hostess

،وڏو مايييييمت

اييييييڪار

Jew

Jewess

Countess

Lion

Manager

Manageres

،ثراو

رادقح

Giantess

Mayor

Patron

نابزيم

Peer

دوهي

Poet

Priest

Shepherde

تيييييييسبودنب

ڙدنڪ

نهني

Lioness

لاييييييييسنويم

ويييييييييييييج

ردص

تسرپرس

رعا

Mayoress

،رييييييييييييييييييما

باون

Patroness

رداپ

Peeress

ر مغيپ

راڍير

Poetess

Priestess

Prophet

Prophetess

Shepherd

،وييييييييغوراد

Steward

Stewardess 36

مايييييييييييع

رايتخم

Tailoress

Viscountes

زرد

Tailor

Pronouns

Viscount

 :- ريمض

Pronoun is a word which is used instead (رپ هگج يک سا) of noun.

۔يهآ وبئچ ريمض يک نا يئٿ لامعتسا ظفل وڪيج يت ءاج يج مسا

Pronoun is a word that refers to a noun.

Pronoun is a word which takes place of a noun.

Examples: I, we, you, he, she, it, they.

 Ahmed is a good student. (Noun).

 He is a good student. (Pronoun).

 Uzma eats mango. (Noun).

 She eats mango.(Pronoun).

)غامد اي لد( ليڪ وراو ردنا هآ انعم ج ريمض

۔ ئٿ لامعتسا ت حاج ج مسا وڪيج هآ و ئچ ک نا ريمض ۾ ڻرڪايو

۔يها ،ويها ،ءوه ،يه ،وه ،ناهوت ،وت ،ناسا ،نوم ،نام :لاثم

 Types of Pronouns

(i) Personal Pronoun. ( ص اخ ريمض )

(ii)Reflective Pronoun. ( ڪرتشم ريمض)

 Emphatic Pronoun.

(iii) Demonstrative Pronoun. ( ورا ا ريمض )

(iv) Distributive Pronoun. ( ميسقت ريمض )37

Plural

(v) Interrogative Pronoun. (مافتسا ريمض )

(vi) Relative Pronoun. ( لوصوم ريمض)

(vii) Indefinite Pronoun. (مه م ريمض )

 Personal Pronoun (ص ايييخ ريميييض personal Pronouns are pronouns that

that refers to a specific person or things in a sentence.

(viii) Examples: I, we, you, He, She, it, they.

It is divided into two groups nominative and objective.

 Nominative personal pronoun act as a subject of a sentence (I, we,

you, he, she, it, they).

Examples: I go to school. We are brothers.

Objective personal pronoun acts as an object of a sentence (Me, us,

you, him, her, it, and them).

Examples:-

1) Ahmed and Nawaz came out with me.

2) You are all responsible for them.

There are different forms of personal Pronouns:

(ix) First person

Singular

My, Mine

Our, ours

Nominative

(x)Second Person

Possessive

Singular/

Plural

Accusative 38

You

Nominative

You

Your, Yours

Possessive

Neuter

(xi) Third Person

Accusative

She

They

His

Masculine

Feminine

Him

Her

Them

Singular

Their,

theirs

Her, hers

Nominative

Possessive

Accusative

i. Nominative case is used as a subject. When noun or

pronoun used as a subject of a verb is called Nominative case.

ii. Ahmed is a good teacher (Here Ahmed is nominative case of

noun).

iii. He is a good teacher (Here He is a nominative case of

pronoun).

iv. Possessive Pronoun: Possessive pronouns are pronouns that

show the ownership or something belongs to someone else.

(My/mine, your,/yours, his, her/hers, it’s, our/ours , their/theirs).

 Note 1: In Possessive case most of the personal Pronouns have two

forms. Of these the forms (my, our, your, her, their) are called

Possessive adjectives (Or Pronominal Adjective) because they are

used with noun and they do work of Adjective.

 Note 2 :

Examples:

This is my book (Possessive Adjective or Pronominal Adjective).

This book is mine.(Possessive Pronoun)39

This is his book (Possessive Adjective).

This book is his (Possessive Pronoun).

This is your book. (P.A)

This book is yours (P.P)

v. Objective or Accusative Case: When noun or a pronoun

used as a object of the verb.

 Me, us, you, him, her, it, they.

 I have told you (Here You is objective case of pronoun).

 You have told me (Here me is Objective case).

 I have told him (Here him is OC)

 Reflexive Pronoun: ڪرتشم ريمض

 It is a pronoun in which we use self/selves with personal Pronoun to

make a reflective pronoun.

. هآ و ئچ ڪرتشم ريمض نا رڪ ٽوم ڏ ريمض ظف وڪيج

Examples: Myself, Ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself,

itself and their selves.

 I hurt myself.

 We hurt ourselves.

 You hurt yourself.

 You hurt yourselves.

 He hurt himself.

 She hurt herself.

 It hurt itself.

 They hurt themselves.40

Each

Either

 Demonstrate Pronoun: ورا ا ريمض

 It is used to point out the object.

It is used to identify the noun or pronoun.

Examples: This, that, these, those etc.

 This and these are used for those things which are in front of

you.

 Is this your pen?

 What is this?

 This class is very comfortable.

 These students are working well.

 These toys are colourful.

 Those and that are used for those which are away from you or

which are not in front of you.

Examples:

Those people were so amazing.

That person was so amazing.

 Distributive Pronoun: ميسقت ريمض

It denotes the persons or things are taken singly or in separate

groups are called distributive pronoun.

4) of the boys gets a price.

5) of these roads leads to the railway station.

6) Neither of the accusations is true.

 Note: They refer to persons or things one at a time, for this reason, they

are always singular and followed by singular verb.41

 Each boy and each girl was in their best dress. (Incorrect).

 Each boy and ea h girl was in her best dress. (Correct)

 Each girl and each boy was in their best dress. (Incorrect).

 Each girl and each boy was in his best dress. (Correct)

 Every soldier and every sailor is in their place. (Incorrect).

 Every soldier and every sailor is in his place. (Correct).

 Every night and every day brings their own responsibility.

(Incorrect)

 Every night and every day brings its own responsibility (Correct).

 Neither of three boys came.( Incorrect).

 None of three boys came. (Correct).

 None of two boys came.(Incorrect)

 Neither of two boys came. (Correct).

Neither is used with two nouns.

 Either of the four boys has done this work. (Incorrect).

 Any of the four boys has done this work. (Correct).

 The father and the son love one another. (Incorrect).

 The father and the son love each other. (Correct).

 Those three girls love each other. (Incorrect).

 Those three girls love one another. (Correct).

 Interrogative Pronoun: مافتسا ريمض

 It is used for to ask questions.

 There are only four interrogative pronouns.

 Who, whose, which and what.

 Who :

 This is used for only persons.

 Who runs there?

 Who is knocking at the door?42

 Whose is this book?

 Whom did you see?

 Whom did you know?

 Which :

 This is used for both persons as well as things.

 Which is your friend?

 Which of you has done this?

 Which of these books is your?

 Which one will participate?

 Which is your pen?

 What:

 This is used only for things.

 What have you found (we expect about noun.

 What is sweeter than honey?

 What do you want?

 Difference between interrogative pronoun, interrogative pronoun and

interrogative Adverb:

 Which friend is your? (Adjective)

 Which is your friend? (Pronoun)

 Which is an intelligent student? ( Pronoun)

 Which student is an intelligent? (Adjective)

 What school did you go to? (Adjective)

Note: The asker is not limiting the choices, so any school is possible answer. We

use “which” when options are in limit.43

7) Which school did you go: Sabre or Habib? (Adjective)



 Relative Pronoun: لوصوم ريمض

It is used to show the relation with noun or pronoun.

Examples: Which, that, who, whose, whom, what.

8) I played with Farhan. He was good player.

9) I played Farhan who was good player (who is relative pronoun).

 Note: It refers noun using before relative pronoun, which is called antecedent.

10) What: “What” refers things only.

11) I have found what I was looking for.

12) He has done what he wants.

13) What has happened is not clear.

14) You had gotten what you wanted.

15) It is used for persons only.

16) This is a boy who works hard.

17) These are the boys who work hard.

 The man who is honest is trusted.

Who:

Whose:

things.

(Possessive of who) It is used for persons, animals and lifeless 44

 This is the boy/girl whose work is done well.

 These are the boys/girls whose work is done well.

 Indefinite Pronoun: ( مه م ريمض )

An indefinite pronoun that refers to person or things but not a

particular person or things is called indefinite pronoun.

Examples: Some, someone, somebody, one, anybody, everybody, few,

many, none etc.

 Nobody likes pizza (it refers singular).

 Everyone attends my party (singular).

 Something happens to my friend (Singular).

 Each has roots (roots are countable). Pronoun.

 Each tree has roots (Here ‘Each’ is adjective).

18) Both have graduated this semester (Both refers Plural). Pronoun.

 Both of them have graduated this semester (Here ‘Both’ is

Adjective).

 Few read this article (pronoun).

 Few parents read this article (Adjective).

 Other have a pencil (Pronoun)

 Other has a pencil (Pronoun).

 Other students have a pencil (Adjective).

 Many people like his job.

 Many people like his job (‘Many’ is plural, don’t use ‘s’ with

verb)

 Many like his job (Pronoun).

 Most of is lost (Pronoun).45

 Most of hair is lost (Adjective).

 Most are lost. (Pronoun).

 Most of mangoes are lost (Adjective).

 All were busy (Pronoun).

 All boys were busy (Adjective).

 Some are born great (Pronoun).

 Some people are born great (Adjective)

Use of Nobody

 Nobody does not like pizza (wrong).

 Nobody likes pizza (Right).

 Nobody could not see me (wrong).

 Nobody could see me (Right).



( هآ ادنيٿ اديپ ميظع جڪ)

Note:

 Plural of hair is hair. It is uncountable and uncountable nouns are

taken singular.

 Milk, flour, salt, sugar, meat, rice, honey, tea, cheese are also

uncountable nouns.

 Verb: لعف

Verb is a word which describes the noun or pronoun. Or it is used to talk

about actions.

Examples: Go, Run, Eat, Fight, Read, and Write.

۔يهآ وبئچ لعف يک نا يراکيڏ يانعم يج ڻرڪ ،ڻيٿ ،ڻئه وڪيج يهآ ظفل وها لعف46

Present

Past

partic

iple

There are four forms of verbs

Past

participa

ting

Went

Gone

Going

Learn

Learnt

Learning

Added

Adding

Allowed

Allowing

Been

Being

Add وووووومج

انرک

Was,

were

Arose

Arisen

Arising

Asked

Asking

Be, is,

Am,

are

Bore

Born

Allow

اووووووووووووووونيد

زاجا

Arise

انهڻا

Bearing

Beat

Beaten

Beating

Ask

انهچوپ

Became

Become

Becoming

Began

Begun

Belong

Bear منوووووج

اووووووووووووووونيد

اوووووووي

اناج ےل

Begin

وروووووووش

انرک

Beat

انڻيپ

Become

انوہ

Belonged

Belonging 47

Bite

Bit

Bitten

Blame

Blamed

Biting

Break

Broke

Broken

Blamed

Blaming

Breaking

 Types of Verb:

 Finite

 Non Finite

 Gerund

 Infinite

 Participle

 Auxiliary Verb

 Modal Verb

 Helping Verb

 Action Verb

 Stative Verb

 Regular Verb

 Irregular Verb

 Transitive verb

 Intransitive Verb



 Finite verbs are those verbs which are changed if we change the

tense or subject in the sentences.

 I go to school.

 I am going to school.

 I have gone to school.

 You have noticed that verb “go” is changed, when we change the

tense.

 Non Finite Verb:

Non finite verbs are those verbs that are not changed when we

change the subject or tense of the sentence.

 It is divided into three parts:

 Gerund48

 Infinite

 Participle

Gerund: When 4th forms of verb is used as a subject or object and

does the work of a noun in a sentence is called gerund.

 It is also called verb-noun.

 Playing cards are not allowed.

 يهآ ن زاجا يج ڻڏيک شات

 I like reading poetry.

 .يهآ دنسپ ڻهڙپ يرعاش يک نوم

Infinitive:

 The use of “To” in front of verb is called infinitive verb.

 It cannot change by changing of tenses.

 “To” is always used with first form of verb.

 The infinitive verb is a base of a verb often preceded (ڻووچا اوويڳا) by

To.

 Birds love to song. Here love is main verb while to sing is

infinitive

 Adverb:

فرخ

Adverb is a word which describes the verb, adverb or another adverb.

 Ahmed runs quickly.

 This is a very sweet mango.

 Farhan reads clearly.

 Farhan reads very clearly.

۔ هآ و ئچ فرخ ک نا رڪ نايب ک فرخ اي تفص ،لعف وڪيج هآ ظف وها فرخ

:لاثم

۔هريغو ٺين ،رخآ ،يڻاه ،ءوپ ،يڳا ،يڻاڀس ،هلڪ ،ڄا :تقو

۔هريغو يٿج ،يٿڪ ،يٿا ،يٿم ،ٺيه ،رهاٻ ، ردنا : حاج

۔هريغو هاوخماوخ ،ورڀوره ، م م ،نايڍاڏ ،ايروه : تير49

Adjective

۔هريغو وڻهگ ،تخس ،وڍاڏ ،مامت : ردق

Same adverbs and Adjectives

 Examples :

Daily

Early

Adverb

Early

Fair

Far

Fast

Free

High

Late

Likely

 He runs fast.

Here fast is adverb because it defines the verb (run).

 He reads cleverly.

Here cleverly is adverb which defines the verb “read".

 Simple Adverbs

 The adverb divided into the following sub classes according to their

meaning and function. 50

 Adverb of manner:

Slowly, clearly, well, soundly, quickly, badly, bravely, fast.

 Note: These adverbs form from those which nearly made from

adjectives by adding “ly".

 Adverb of place:

Above, away, here, there, up, in, within, everywhere, away, out,

backward, down, around.

 Stand here.

 Go there.

 My younger brother followed me everywhere.

 He stands up.

 My friend is out.

 Come in.

 Walk backward.

 Is Mr. Farhan within? (نايمرد)

 Adverb of time:

 Ago, before, soon, often, seldom, today, now, lately, never, daily,

already formerly, yesterday.

▪ I have heard this before.

▪We shall now begin to work.

▪He comes here daily.

Note: “Here" is the adverb of place and “daily” is the adverb of time.

 I have spoken to him already.

 He comes here daily.

 That day he arrived late.

 He called He a few minutes ago.

 The end soon came.

 I heart my knee yesterday.

 Wasted time never returns.

 Mr. Farhan formerly ( ڳا) lived here.51

 Adverbs of Quantity or Degree:

 Very, nearly, enough, too, almost, fully, rather, partly, no better,

altogether, pretty, as.

 How was too careless.

 The mangoes are almost (ردق ڻهگ) ripe.

 I am fully (حرط روپ) prepared.

 The sea is very stormy ( نافوط).

Adjective

 Adverbs of Number or (Frequency ):

 Twice, often, once and seldom.

 I have told you twice.

 He often makes mistakes.

 I have not seen him once.

 He seldom comes here.

 The postman called again.

 He always tries to do his best.

 He frequently comes unprepared.

Active

Actively

Beneficial

Beneficially

 Examples:

 Supposedly, surprisingly, truly, usefully, sweetly,

Adverb

Beautiful

Beautifully

Creative

Creatively 52

Decisively

Decisive

(i) He runs fast. (Here the “Fast" is an adverb which defines the verb

“Runs" ).

(ii)He came quickly.

(iii) Does it well? (Well is adverb which define the verb “Does" )

(iv) He reads clearly.

(v)She reads quickly.

(vi) They read slowly.

 Some adverbs are used at the starting of the sentences.

 Probably he is mistaken.

 ( يهآ يٿ يطلغ ناک ه يرڪ وڻهگ )

 Possibly it is as you say.

 ( يجه ويچ نوت ويها يها ڪمم )

 Certainly you are wrong.

 ) يهآ طلغ نوت نيقي(

 Unfortunately no one was present.

 ( ۔ويه ن دوجوم يئوڪ يتا ناس يتمسقدب )

 Adjective: تفص

Adjective is a word which describes the noun or pronoun. It is also called

describing word.

۔ڻرڪ هاراس اي فيرعت يج مسا يهآ يانعم يج تفص53

نايب يک يئش يٻ ۽ يئاڍنن ،يئاڏو ،زادنا ،نويڪين ،بيع ،ڻگوا ،ڻگ يج مسا وڪيج ۾ ڻرڪايو

۔يهآ وبئچ تفص يک نا يرڪ

Examples:

i) He is clever boy.

ii) Nida is an intelligent girl.

iii)This is comfortable place.

iv) Sultan is a brave person.

 Three degrees of Adjective

 Positive. ص اخ تفص

Positive

Superlative

Small

 Comparative.

Smaller

Smallest

ليصفت تفص

Tall

Taller

 Superlative وگ ا م تفص

Big

Bigger

Biggest

Heavy

Comparative

Good

Better

Best

Bad

Worse

Worst

Ill

Worse

Worst

Tallest

Heavier

Heaviest

 Preposition: رج فرح

Preposition is a word which is used before noun or pronoun and shows

their relation with other words.

Examples : Above, at , before, across, against, along, down, among,

from, around, in, into, near, behind, of, below, off, with, within,

between.

۔ڙدنکر يراج يک يلمج اي ڙدنيڏ ريز اي وراو رڀ يهآ يانعم يج رج فرح

ناوووس يووولمج يووئٻ وپاوووڳلا وووجنا ۽ يوووچا ناووويٺپ يووج ريموووض اووي موووسا ووووڪيج يووهآ ظوووفل وووها روووج فرووح

۔يهآ وبئچ رج فرح يک نا يراکيڏ54

 Correct the following:

 He is blind from one eye (Incorrect).

 He is blind of one eye (correct).

 This check is of the Habib bank.

 This check is on the Habib check.

 He swore from God.

 He swore by God.

 I said it upon his face.

 I said it to his face.

 He died from cholera.

 He died of cholera.

 He died from malaria.

 He died of malaria.

 He is ill from fever.

 He is ill with fever.

 It was nine in my watch.

 It was nine by my watch.

 By his all faults, I love him.

 With his all faults, I love him.

 He rises at the sunrise.

 He rises with the sun.

.يهآ ودنڪ ولط ڏگ ناس جس يه

 He beat thief by a stick.

 He beat the thief with a stick.

 Arabia is in the north of the U.A.R.

 Arabia is to the north of the U.A.R.

 Open your book on page number 46.

 Open your book at page number 46.

 She will arrive after a few minutes.

 She will arrive in a few minutes.55

 The dog ran in the hole.

 The dog ran into the hole.

 Go on your business.

 Go about your business.

 She is kind on me.

 She is kind to me.

 Monkeys live on trees.

 Monkeys live in trees.

 You quarrel on trifles.

 You quarrel (وڙڳهج) over trifles(يت يهلاڳ يڍنن).

 It is a cheque of Rs. 3000.

 It is a cheque fir Rs. 3000.

 Shamim is a woman of my own heart.

 Shamim is a woman after my own heart.

 He has no child from this wife.

 He has no child by this wife.

 She was dressed with black.

 She was dressed in black.

 Eggs sell in the dozen.

 Eggs sell by the dozen.

 It is time to rest.

 It is time for rest.

 I am getting late from school.

 I am getting late for school.

 The examinations begin from Saturday.

 The examination begins on Saturday.

 Conjunction: ڙوج ،ڍنڳ ، ولمج فرح

 Conjunction is a word which connects or joins the words, phrase,

sentences or clauses.

 It is a word which defines two or more events.56



 They can join two verbs, two nouns, two adjectives, two phrases,

or two independent clauses.

 Examples: but, yet, because, although, unless, while, where.

 I want to meet her but she had gone.

 I had been reached when he left.

۔ڙدنڪ ادج اي ڙدنيڍنڳ هآ انعم ج لمج فرح :ولمج فرح

۔ هآ و ئچ ولمج فرح ک نا انڳ ۾ ڻاپ ک نلمج اي ،نرقف ،نوف نٻ ظف وڪيج

ادن فرح

Interjection

 It is a word which expresses some feelings or emotions.

 Examples:

۔ هآ ودنوه گ ا نعي ، هآ ودنوه ليدن ناک لمج ۔ڻرڪ ڏس هآ انعم ج ادن

۔ راکيڏ انعم ج ڙواڪ ،بجا ،نامرا ، وخ ،ڌس ،ڏس نهنڪ وڪيج هآ ظف وها ادن فره

۔ هآ گ ا نعي هآ ليدن ته ظف وا !وا :لاثم

۔هريغو ادا ، ڙا ،وا :ڏس

۔هريغو نم ،رڪيج ، اڪ :ڌس

۔هريغو ۔۔۔۔اه ، لب ،رام :ب ع

 Hurrah! We won the game! ( Emotion of joy)

 Alas! I failed the exam! ( Emotion of sorrow)

 Wow! What a beautiful car! ( Emotion of surprise)57

Tenses

 Oh! I forgot to bring my purse! ( Emotion of sorrow)

 Ouch! It hurts! ( Emotion of pain)

 Eww! It tastes so bad! ( Emotion of disliking)

 Yahoo! I got a job! ( Emotions of happiness)

Huh! I don't care!

 Present Simple Tense وداس لاح نامز

It is divided into two parts “Action” & “Non-Action".

 Non Action: “Is, am, and are" is used to talk about non-action

things of the present time. They are also called non action verbs.

It is used when we describe a noun.

 “Is" is used for “He, she, and it".

“Are” is used for “we, you, and they".

“Am” is used for “I".

Examples:

She is my friend.

I am a teacher.

They are students.

I am friendly person.

They are Pakistani.

 How is the weather today

 It is rainy today. Now it is cool but not cold today.

“Is, Am, Are" Used for non action words.58

I am student of class 10th.

She is the teacher.

They are Pakistani Politicians.

 Present Tense (Action)

Present Tense Action is used to talk about routine habits, customs, and

law of God, Universal Truth, and law of Nature, Historical Truth,

Quotation and Narrative of present time.

 Daily Routine:

We get up before sunrise.

She takes tea twice a day.

They play cricket on Sunday.

 Customs:

The Muslims bury the dead.

We embrace one an other after saying the Eid Mubarak.

The brides leave her parent’s house with tears her eyes.

Indians brides wear sari.

 Laws of God:

The sun rises in the east.

Water keeps its level.

God help those who help them selves.

 Universal Truth:

Honesty is the best policy.

 Two and two make four.

 Wolves may lose their teeth but not their.

 Law of Nature:

 The duck swims in water.59

 The snake bites man.

 Mothers love their children.

 Historical Truth:

 Columbus discovered America.

 Muhammad Ghazni attacked at India 18 times.

 The Quaid e Azam turns the dream of Allama Iqbal into a reality.

Quotation : و اوح اي سا تقا

 The Holy Quran says: God is aware of what we are doing.

 The Holy Prophet (Sallah-Allah-O-Alai-Waali-Wasalam) says: I

advise you to fear God and speak the truth.

 The Quaid e Azam says to the students: you will be making greatest

mistake if you allow yourself to be exploited by one political party or

the other.

Narrative of Present Time:

I read.

You run.

She sleeps.

Example:

Ahmed eats mango. Assertive

Does Ahmed eat mango? (In Interrogative remove “S")

Ahmed does not eat mango. (Negative)

Does Ahmed not eat mango. (Interrogative & Negative)60

 Change into negative sentences –

 He reads the Holy Quran daily.

 We live in this house.

 Dogs eat meat.

 My uncle lives in that house.

 The sun rises at 6 o’ clock.

 They go to school.

 He reads the newspapers

 We travel everyday.

 Change into Interrogative and Negative sentences.

 The cow gives milk.

۔يهآ يدنيڏ ريک نوئڳ

 It rains here almost everyday.

۔يهآ ودنسو هنيم ونازور بيرقت يت

They play cricket daily at noon.

I drink cold water.

ايهآ ودنئيپ يڻاپ وڌٿ نام

 They speak the truth.

 هآ ادنيئاهلاڳ چس يها

 He flies kite.

 She plucks the flowers daily.

 ۔يهآ يدنيٽپ لگ ونازور ءيه

 They auction things.



 How

۔ هآ ادنڪ ملاين نويش يها

 Hina accuses to others.

 ۔يهآ يدنيئاڳل مازلا يت يٻ انه

Practice:

 Do you live in Shikarpur?

 No I live in Garhi Yaseen.

 But I used to live in Shikarpur.

 “Used to" is used for past activities. 61

Present Continues Tense رارمتسا لاح نامز

It is used to talk about that action which is continuing in the present

time.

It is used to talk about happening now (Short term activities) & around

now (long term activities)

Formation: Subject + is, am, are + verb +ing + object.

I am taking a class (short term activity)

I am studying in the school. (Since 2015 means long term activity)

Am I studying in the school? (Interrogative)

I am not studying in the school.( Negative)

Am I not studying in the school? (Interrogative & Negative)

Use “am” with "I".

Use “are" with “We, You & They".

Use “is" with “he, she, and it”.

Make interrogative and Negative sentences.

2) I am going to Karachi.

3) We are going to Karachi.

4) You are going to Karachi.

5) He is going to Karachi.

6) She is going to Karachi.

7) It is going to Karachi.

8) They are going to Karachi.

9) Ahmed and Farah are going to Karachi.

10) Nabeel is going to Karachi

 Present perfect Tense بيرق لاح نامز

It is used to talk about that action which has completed in the

Present time.62

 It is used to talk about whole life experiences

 Present perfect Tense is used to talk about experiences (Shorten

experiences or alternative experiences).

 Use “Ever" for interrogative Sentences. (For experience).

 Use “Never” for negative sentences.

 Examples

( i ) Have you ever gone China?

(ii) No I have never gone China.

 Used “have” with plural (I, we, you, they).

Used “Has" with Singulars (he, she, and it).

Formation: Subject + have/has + 3rd form of verb + object.

I have reached Karachi.

Have I reached Karachi?

I have not reached Karachi.

Have I not reached Karachi?

Make their interrogative & Negative Sentence.

 I have sent him a book.

 We have sent him a book.

 You have sent him a book.

 He has sent him a book.

 She has sent him a book.

 It has sent him a book.

 They have sent him a book.

 Jameel and kamal have sent him a book.

 Nabeel has sent him a book.63

 Present Perfect Continuous Tense: ۔ رارمسا بيرق لاح نامز

 It is used to talk about that action which started in the past and

continues in the present.

 Used “Since" for period of time.

 Used “For" for point of time.

 Never used “From" in the tense (instead of since and for).

Formation: Sub + have been/ has been + 4th form of verb.

Example: (i) I have been working since 2 pm.

Have I been working since 2 pm? (Interrogative)

I have not been working since 2 pm. (Negative)

Have I not been working since 2 pm? (Intr: & Neg)

Make the interrogative and Negative sentences.

I have been suffering from fever for two days.

We have been suffering from fever for two days.

You have been suffering from fever for two days.

He has been suffering from fever for two days.

She has been suffering from fever for two days.

It has been suffering from fever for two days.

They have been suffering from fever for two days.

Nasir has been suffering from fever for two days.

Waheed and Nasir have been suffering from fever for two days.

 Past Tens ضام نامز64

Past Tense is divided into two parts “Action & “Non-Action".

Non-Action

is used to talk about non action things.

Used “Was & were" to talk about non action things of past Tense. They

are also called non action verbs.

Was is used for Singular ( I, He, She & It).

 He was my friend.

 She was my friend.

 It was my friend.

 I was student.

 I was writer.

 What was the weather like yesterday?

 It was sunny and windy.

 Were is used for Plurals (We, You & They).

 You were my friend.

 We were your friends.

 They were your friends.

 Past Tense Action

 Past tense is used to talk about those activities which started in

the past and finished at that time.

 Used to talk about those habits which are no more in the present

time.

 Used past Tense for that action which is separately done in past

tense.

 Used second form of verb.

She went to school.

Used “did" for interrogative and negative sentences & used first form of

verb.65

She went to school. (Positive)

Did she go to school? (Interrogative)

She did not go to school. (Negative)

Did she not go to school? (Interrogative &Negative)

Make the interrogative and Negative Sentences.

I ate mangoes.

We ate mangoes.

You ate mangoes.

He ate mangoes.

She ate mangoes.

It ate mangoes.

They ate mangoes.

Nabeel ate mangoes.

Fatima and Faheem ate mangoes.

 Past continue Tense رارمتسا ضام نامز

Past continues Tense is used to talk about that action

which was doing at the specific time in the past.

 It is used to talk about that action which is going to happen on

entrusted at that time.

 Used “While" & “When" to show the interruption. Used with

past continuous & past simple.

Example:

I was going to school when the car reached.

Was I going to school when the car reached?

I was not going to school when the car reached.

Was I not going to school when the car reached?66

Make the interrogative and Negative sentences.

I was eating mangoes when she drank juice.

We were eating mangoes when she drank juice.

You were eating mangoes when she drank juice.

He was eating mangoes when she drank juice.

She was eating mangoes when she drank juice.

It was eating mangoes when she drank juice.

They were eating mangoes when she drank juice.

Farah was eating mangoes when she drank juice.

Waheed and Iqbal were eating mangoes when she drank juice.

 Past Perfect Tense: ديعب ضام نمز

It is used to talk about that action which happened one after other,

the first action is in the past Perfect Tense and second action is in

past.

Used “When, because, after" to show the relation between two

actions.

Formation: Sub + Had+ 3rd form of verb

Examples: (1) I had eaten meal when he played game.

Had I eaten meal when he played game?

I had not eaten meal when he played game.

Had I not eaten meal when he played game?

Make the interrogative and Negative sentences.

I had gone before he came.

We had gone before he came.67

You had gone before he came.

He had gone before he came.

She had gone before he came.

It had gone before he came.

They had gone before he came.

Farhan had gone before he came.

Farhan and Nasir had gone before he came.

 Past Perfect Continues Tense: ديييعب ييضام نييمز It is used to talk about

that action which continues at the specific in the past and finished in

the past.

 Used “For" for period of time.

 Used “Since" for point of time.

 It will not be used without “Since and Fir" without since and for

it is Past Continuous Tense.

Formation: Subject + had been + 4th form of Verb + Since/For.

Example: I had been working since morning.

Interrogative: Had I been working since morning?

Negative: I had not been working since morning.

Intr & Neg: Had i not been working since morning?

Change into Interrogative and Negative sentences.

1. I had been working for two hours.

2. We had been working since morning.

3. You had been working for five hours.

5. He had been working since morning.68

6. She had been running for five minutes.

7. It had been eating for ten minutes.

8. They had been singing since 5 pm.

9. Ahmed and Arifa had been singing since 5 pm.

10. Jawad had been running since 6 am.

11. Tania had been running for sixty minutes.

 Future Tense

Future Tense is used to take the decision at a moment.

It is used for prediction.

It is used for restricted conditions or expected situations for the future.

Used “shall” with “I & We”.

Used “will” with “you, he, she, it, and they".

Formation: Sub + Shall/Will + 1st form of Verb + Obj

Assertive: I shall go to Karachi.

Interrogative: Shall I go to Karachi?

Negative: I shall not go to Karachi.

Interrogative and Negative: Shall I not go to Karachi?

Exercise: Make their Interrogative, negative and interrogative negative

sentences.

I shall eat mangoes in summer.

We shall eat mangoes in summer.

You will eat mangoes in summer.

He will eat mangoes in summer.

She will eat mangoes in summer

It will eat mangoes in summer.

They will eat mangoes in summer.

Ahmed and Farah will eat mangoes in summer.

 Future Continuous Tense69

It is used to talk about that action which is going or doing in the

future.

Formation: Subject + shall be/ will be + 4th form of verb + object.

Example

(2)The doctor will be despairing of his recovery.

Will the doctor be despairing of his recovery?

The doctor will not be despairing of his recovery.

Will the doctor be despairing of his recovery?

Change into interrogative and Negative.

(1)I shall be catching the ball.

(2)We shall be catching the ball.

(3)You will be catching the ball.

(4)You will be catching the ball.

(5)He will be catching the ball.

(6)She will be catching the ball.

(7)It will be catching the ball.

(8)They will be catching the ball.

(9)Ahmed and Raza will be driving the car.

(10) Shazia will be cooking the rice.

 Future Perfect Tense

4. It is used t talk about that action which has been completed before

starts the next action.

5. The first action is in future Perfect tense and second action is in

present tense.

6. Use “when, before’’, to show the interruption between Future Perfect

tense and Present tense.

Examples:

1) I shall have reached to Karachi before rain falls.

Shall I have reached the Karachi before rain falls?70

I shall not have reached Karachi before rain falls.

Shall I not have reached Karachi before rain falls?

 Change into interrogative and Negative sentences.

(1)I will have locked my room before I go for a walk.

(2)We shall have locked our room before we go for a walk.

(3)You will have locked your room before you go for a walk.

(4)He will have locked his room before he goes for a walk.

(5)She will have locked her room before she goes for a walk.

(6)It will have locked its room before it goes for a walk.

(7)They will have locked their room before they go for a walk.

(8)Farah will have locked her room before she goes for a walk.

(9)Noman will have locked his room before he goes for a walk.

(10) Nadia and Hassan will have locked their room before they go for

a walk.

 Future Perfect Continuous Tense

It is used to talk about that action which will have started in the future and

continue in the future.

Use “Since” for point of time.

Use “For” for period of time.

This tense is not used without “since and for”.

Without “Since and for” this tense is changed into Future perfect tense.

Change into interrogative and Negative sentences.

(1)I shall have been reaching since morning.

(2)We shall have been reaching for two hours.

(3)You will have been reaching since 6 am.

(4)He will have been reaching since midnight.

(5)She will have been reaching for five hours.71

reporting

the

verb

(6)It will have been reaching for two hours.

(7)They will have been reaching since 4 pm.

(8)Sana and Perween will have been reaching since 8 pm.

(9)Saba will have been reaching for two hours.

 Direct and Indirect Narration.

1 ) Rule-1

Remove the quotation marks and other comma before quotation

introduce

after

“that”

place

and

reported statement.

In case of questions, exclamation and imperative statements we do

not use “that”.

Example:

He said to his brother please come here.

He implored to his brother to come here.

2 ) Rule 2

 If the reporting speech is in the past tense then the report

statement is changed into corresponding past tense.

 Simple present is changed into Simple Past.

( i ) He said “I eat mangoes”.

(ii) He said that he ate mangoes.

 Present continues changed into Past Continuous.

( i) I said , “I am writing a letter”.

(ii) I said that I was writing a letter.

 I said, “I am reading a book".72

 I said that I was reading a book.

 He said, “They are running in the school.

 He said that they were running in the school.

 Present perfect is changed into past Perfect.

 He said, “The boys have learnt the poem".

 He said that the boys had learnt the poem.

 They said, “He has reached Karachi”.

 They said that he had reached Karachi.

 Present perfect continues is changed into past Perfect Continues

will

into

Tense.



Direct:

 Shall



 He said, “He has been working since two hours”.

 He said that he had been working since two hours.

Direct:

“Can" into “Could", and May into “Might".

Direct:

“should”

“would”,

changed

I said, “I shall go there.”

 Indirect: I said that I should go there.

I said, “He will not work.”

 Indirect: I said that he would not work.

I said, “You may go.”

 Indirect: I said that you might go.

I said, “I can do the work.”

 I said that I could do the work. 73



Direct

 Simple Past tense in the reported speech remains unchanged or it

is changed in to past Perfect Tense:



Direct:

: You said, “He lived in that house.”

 Indirect: You said that he lived in that house.

He said, “Ahmed arrived in the morning.”



 Indirect: said that Ahmed had arrived in the morning.

Exercise I

 He said, “it is an easy exercise.”

 I said, “I shall eat fruit.”

 You said, “Naseem will not tell a lie.”

 I said, “He does not understand English.”

 He said, “Salma can paint well.”

 You said, “The cat broke the jug.”

 Naseema said, “Anis once lived in that house.”

 You said, “Shamim will sing a song.”

 I said, “Hamid has written to his friend. “

 I said, “I do not know French.”

Rule 3:

If the reporting verb is in the present or in the future tense, the verb

in reported speech remains unchanged.

 Direct: He says, “Hamid is right.”

 Indirect: He says Hamid is right.

 Direct: He will say, “They have not seen the place.”

 Indirect: He will say that they have not seen the place.

 Direct: She says, “Fareeda can not work.”

 Indirect: She says that fareeda cannot work.”

 Direct: My friend will say, “This is a simple experiment.”

 My friend will say that this is a simple experiment. 74

 Rule 4: If the reported speech states something which is

universally or permanently true, this verb will remain unchanged

in the reported speech, even if the reporting verb is in the past

tense.

 Direct: He said, “Honesty is the best policy.”

 Indirect: He said that honesty is the best policy.

 Direct: He said, “The moon moves round the earth”.

 Indirect: He said that the moon moves round the earth”.

Exercise:

1. My brother says, “The birds are singing on the branches of the trees.

2. Ahmed will say, “This book is very hard”.

3. He says, “Rashid will come tomorrow”.

4. “God is merciful”, remarked (ڻرڪ نايب ،ڻوچ) the old man.

5. My brother remarked, “Australia is the largest island in the world.”

6. I said, “Two and two make four”.

7. He wrote, “Shakespeare is a world famous writer”.

8. He says, “She can paint beautifully”.

9. “Shamim is weak in mathematics”, says Ashraf.

10. I said, “No man can be completely happy”.

 Besides the changes in the tense of the verb, there is also a change

in personal pronoun while changing direct narration into

indirect.

 *a) A pronoun of the first person in the reported speech is

changed in the pronoun of the same person, number and gender

of the subject of the reporting verb.

 Direct: Jawad said, “I am happy”.

 Indirect: Jawad said that he was happy.

 Direct: Sobia said, “I am said”.

 Indirect: Sobia said that she was said.

 You said, “You cannot read”.

 You said that you could not read.75

 (b) A pronoun in the second person is changed into pronoun of

the same person, number, gender, as the noun or pronoun

coming after the reporting verb or the indirect object of the

reporting verb.

 Direct: He said to me, “You are lazy”.

 Indirect: He said to me that I was lazy.

 Jawad said to you, “Your book is lost”.

 Jawad said to you that your book was lost.

 Direct: She said, “He is right”.

 Indirect: She said that he was right.

 Direct: The man said, “His ticket is lost”.

 Indirect: The man said that his ticket was lost.

Change the indirect of the following:

 She said, “I am painting this picture for my brother”.

 The old man said, “I have seen many great battles”.

 The coolie said, “I worked from morning till evening”.

 I said, “I shall buy this ring”.

 You said to me, “You may read that book”.

 He said, ‘I can win that race”.

 The merchant said, “I have bought the cloth at a high price”.

 My friend said to me, “I can teach you grammar in a month”.

 The lady says, “I cannot find my purse”.

 You said, “I am not pleased with the show.

 I said, “I do not understand that language”.

 My father said to me, “you are getting lazy”.

 I said to you, “your pen is not working properly”.

 We told the children, “You are making to much noise”.

 I said, “He is sure to help me”.

 I said to my sister, “you have a drawn a very nice picture”.76

 The old man said to his children, “You must always help to one

another”.

 My mother said to me, “You have not done what I had asked you

to-do”.

 The workers said to the Foreman, “We want a holiday”.

Rule 6

When reporting verb is in thr past tense, words expressing

nearness are generally changed into words expressing the

distance, thus we change;

 This into that

 These into those

 Here into there

 Come into go

 Hence into thence

 Today into that day

 Tomorrow into next day yesterday into previous day.

 Yesterday into day before or previous day.

 Henceforth into thenceforth.

 Tonight into that night.

 Ago into before

 Tonight that night

 Last night into the night before or the previous night.77

Teacher Education by Agha Haseebullah Khan

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